体育教师的职业健康主诉：关于肌肉骨骼、嗓音、听力、呼吸、损伤相关、心脏代谢及工作受限结局的范围综述

文献信息

中文摘要

背景/目的： 体育教师在促进学校健康方面发挥重要作用，但其自身的职业健康受到的关注有限。他们的工作涉及动作示范、长时间站立、器材搬运、参与运动、嗓音投射、噪声暴露以及户外或室内环境要求。本范围综述旨在梳理关于体育教师及符合功能性职业定义的密切相关的运动教学专业人员职业健康主诉与疾患的证据。方法：采用范围综述方法，检索PubMed/MEDLINE、Scopus、Web of Science、SPORTDiscus和ERIC，并以ScienceDirect作为附加出版平台。Google Scholar、ResearchGate和参考文献列表筛查作为补充发现来源。考虑自数据库建库至2026年5月30日的记录，不限语言。学校体育教师为主要人群；相关的健身房/健身、水上、大学及学生教学专业人员仅当其职业角色以结构化体育、运动、锻炼或动作教学为中心时才符合纳入条件。纳入包含可提取原始数据的实证定量、定性、混合方法及符合条件的灰色文献报告。按研究特征、结局领域、测量方法和主要发现进行数据图表化；由于异质性显著，采用叙述性综合。结果：38项研究符合纳入标准。学校体育教师占多数，另有较少研究代表相关教学环境。肌肉骨骼疾患和损伤相关主诉是最常报告的结局，尤其影响下背部、膝、踝/足、肩、颈和髋。还识别出嗓音和喉部问题、听力和噪声相关主诉、呼吸和上气道症状以及心脏代谢危险因素。在各领域中，观察性研究反复报告了涉及身体负荷、高嗓音需求、噪声、环境条件以及年龄或专业资历的关联。由于大多数证据为横断面或描述性研究，这些模式不能确立因果关系。结论：所梳理的文献识别出体育教学及密切相关教学工作中多维度的职业健康问题。对学校体育教师的推广性最强，而非学校群体提供情境特定的支持性证据。前瞻性、纵向和干预证据仍然有限。未来研究应采用纵向设计、标准化结局定义、客观临床和环境评估以及更清晰的暴露测量。诸如人体工效学培训、损伤预防、嗓音健康教育、声学改善、噪声监测、呼吸风险降低和心脏代谢筛查等预防策略值得在该职业人群中进一步评估。

英文摘要

Background/Objectives: Physical education teachers play an important role in school health promotion, but their own occupational health has received limited attention. Their work involves movement demonstration, prolonged standing, equipment handling, sport participation, vocal projection, noise exposure, and outdoor or indoor environmental demands. This scoping review aimed to map evidence on occupational health complaints and disorders among physical education teachers and closely related exercise-teaching professionals meeting a functional occupational definition. Methods: A scoping review was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and ERIC, with ScienceDirect as an additional publisher platform. Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and reference-list screening were used as supplementary discovery sources. Records from database inception to 30 May 2026 were considered without language restrictions. School-based physical education teachers were the primary population; related gym/fitness, aquatic, university, and student-teaching professionals were eligible only when their occupational role centered on structured physical education, sport, exercise, or movement instruction. Empirical quantitative, qualitative, mixed-methods, and eligible grey literature reports were included when they contained extractable original data. Data were charted by study characteristics, outcome domain, measurement method, and main findings; because of marked heterogeneity, a narrative synthesis was performed. Results: Thirty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria. School-based physical education teachers predominated, while a smaller number of studies represented related instructional settings. Musculoskeletal disorders and injury-related complaints were the most frequently reported outcomes, especially affecting the lower back, knees, ankles/feet, shoulders, neck, and hips. Vocal and laryngeal problems, hearing and noise-related complaints, respiratory and upper-airway symptoms, and cardiometabolic risk factors were also identified. Across domains, observational studies repeatedly reported associations involving physical loading, high vocal demand, noise, environmental conditions, and age or professional seniority. Because most evidence was cross-sectional or descriptive, these patterns do not establish causal relationships. Conclusions: The mapped literature identifies a multidimensional set of occupational health concerns in physical education teaching and closely related instructional work. Generalization is strongest for school-based physical education teachers, while non-school groups provide context-specific supporting evidence. Prospective, longitudinal, and intervention evidence remains limited. Future research should use longitudinal designs, standardized outcome definitions, objective clinical and environmental assessments, and clearer exposure measurement. Preventive strategies such as ergonomic training, injury prevention, vocal-health education, acoustic improvements, noise monitoring, respiratory-risk reduction, and cardiometabolic screening warrant further evaluation in this occupational population.