一氧化二氮（“笑气”）在DUID案件中的作用及其对驾驶适应性的影响

文献信息

中文摘要

一氧化二氮长期以来被用作娱乐性药物，但近年来再次受到重视。因此，涉及一氧化二氮的道路交通违法案件报告数量不断增加。本研究调查了39例与涉嫌吸食一氧化二氮相关的DUID案件。采用经验证的HS-GC/MS方法进行定量，并使用适当的校准气体作为参考。评估了案件信息，尤其是驾驶和神经精神运动损害情况。在37例中检测到一氧化二氮，浓度范围为0.22至17 mL/L（中位数：3.7 mL/L）。在所有案件中，事件与采血之间的时间间隔为38至144分钟（中位数：85分钟）。22例中不存在合并使用毒品、酒精和/或药物的情况。这些病例对于评估损害尤为有意义。除交通事故外，还观察到蛇行、车速波动和驶入对向车道等驾驶损害。除其他表现外，还观察到意识模糊、协调减慢、注意力不集中和眩晕等损害。在大多数病例中，这些表现在警方检查时更为明显，而在医学检查时较轻微甚至缺失。数据表明，一氧化二氮的作用通常持续时间较短，但仍可能对驾驶能力产生急性影响。事件发生甚至超过2小时后血液中仍可检出，表明一氧化二氮在血液中可检测的时间相当长。因此，这些数据将有助于法医毒理学案件工作。

英文摘要

Nitrous oxide has been used as a recreational drug for a long time, but has again gained importance in the past years. Hence, a growing number of road traffic offences involving nitrous oxide have been reported. Thirty-nine DUID cases associated with alleged nitrous oxide consumption were investigated. Quantification was performed by a validated HS-GC/MS method, using an appropriate calibration gas as a reference. Case information, especially driving and psychomotor impairments, was evaluated. Nitrous oxide was detected in 37 cases, with concentrations ranging from 0.22 to 17 mL/L (median: 3.7 mL/L). The time interval between the incident and blood sampling ranged from 38 to 144 min (median: 85 min) among all cases. Concomitant drug, alcohol and/or medication uptake was not present in 22 cases. Those cases were of particular interest for the evaluation of impairments. In addition to traffic accidents, driving impairments such as weaving, fluctuating driving speeds, and driving into oncoming traffic were observed. Besides others, impairments such as confusion, slowed coordination, lack of concentration, and vertigo were observed. Those were much more distinct during the police control and tenuous or even missing at the medical examination in most cases. The data show that effects of nitrous oxide are generally short-lasting but may nevertheless have an acute impact on driving ability. The detection in blood even more than 2 h after an incident demonstrates that nitrous oxide remains detectable in blood for a quite long period. Hence, the data will support forensic-toxicological casework.