在工作场所推广地中海饮食：一项观察性横断面研究。

文献信息

中文摘要

背景/目的： 地中海饮食（MD）是数千年前在地中海沿岸国家形成的一套习俗和饮食习惯。这些习惯常被建议作为慢性疾病药物治疗的补充，也可能有助于预防其发生。本研究旨在调查意大利拉齐奥大区22家公司员工对MD的依从性，并评估饮食与员工健康之间的关联。方法：邀请接受健康监测检查和常规血液检测（总胆固醇、HDL胆固醇、甘油三酯、血糖）的员工填写地中海饮食依从性筛查量表（MEDAS）、用于评估工作相关压力的付出-回报失衡（ERI）问卷、用于评估睡眠质量的睡眠状况指标（SCI）、用于评估阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停（OSA）风险的STOP-Bang问卷、用于评估心理健康状况不佳的通用健康问卷（GHQ12），以及用于评估幸福感的Abdel-Khalek问卷（AKQ）。1608名员工中有1475名（91.7%）参与了研究。结果：对MD高依从性的患病率为53.8%（95% CI 51.3；56.4）。女性员工对MD的依从性高于男性（Mann-Whitney U检验，p < 0.001）。MD依从性与年龄呈正相关（Spearman's rho = 0.071，p < 0.01）。从不吸烟的员工以及在闲暇时间进行体育活动的员工表现出显著更高的依从性（p < 0.001）。在调整年龄、性别、吸烟状况、体育活动、夜班工作和职业部门的多元logistic回归模型中，MEDAS评分与高血压[aOR = 0.922（95% CI = 0.856；0.994）]、高甘油三酯血症[aOR = 0.919（95% CI = 0.844；0.999）]和代谢综合征[aOR = 0.911（95% CI = 0.831；0.999）]呈负相关。MEDAS评分与幸福感呈正相关[aOR = 1.074（95% CI = 1.017；1.134）]。结论：尽管饮食依从性与健康之间的关联较弱，但MD仍是促进工作场所健康的一项有用措施。

英文摘要

Background/Objectives: The Mediterranean diet (MD) is a set of customs and eating habits developed in countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea thousands of years ago. These habits are frequently proposed as a complement to pharmacological therapies for chronic diseases and could also counteract their onset. This study aimed to investigate adherence to the MD in workers from 22 companies in Latium (Italy) and to evaluate the association of diet with workers' health. Methods: Workers undergoing their health surveillance examination and routine blood tests (total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose) were invited to fill in the Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS), the Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) questionnaire for work-related stress, the Sleep Condition Indicator (SCI) for sleep quality, the STOP-Bang questionnaire for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) risk, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12) for low mental health, and the Abdel-Khalek questionnaire (AKQ) for happiness. A total of 1475 out of 1608 workers (91.7%) participated in the study. Results: The prevalence of high adherence to the MD was 53.8% (95% CI 51.3; 56.4). Female workers reported greater adherence to the MD than males (Mann-Whitney U, p < 0.001). MD adherence was positively correlated with age (Spearman's rho = 0.071, p < 0.01). Workers who had never smoked and those who engaged in physical activity during their leisure time showed significantly higher adherence (p < 0.001). In multiple logistic regression models adjusted for age, gender, smoking status, physical activity, night work, and occupational sector, the MEDAS score was inversely associated with hypertension [aOR = 0.922 (95% CI = 0.856; 0.994)], hypertriglyceridemia [aOR = 0.919 (95% CI = 0.844; 0.999)], and metabolic syndrome [aOR = 0.911 (95% CI = 0.831; 0.999)]. The MEDAS score was positively related to happiness [aOR = 1.074 (95% CI = 1.017; 1.134)]. Conclusions: Although the association between diet adherence and health is weak, the MD remains a useful measure for promoting health in the workplace.