为吞咽困难护理设计泥状食品的视觉真实感

文献信息

中文摘要

背景： 虽然质地改良可确保吞咽困难患者安全吞咽，但均质的泥状食品往往损害视觉吸引力。本综述将塑形视为核心设计目标，评估现有在泥状食品中实现视觉真实感的方法，并对照现有证据，同时明确指出尚不存在证据的领域。方法：直接塑形方法从IDDSI（国际吞咽困难饮食标准化倡议）依从性、感官可接受性和实际实施方面进行评估。由于证据有限，通过改变食物结构而非重塑泥状食品的结构性方法按机制和适用性逐一评估。结果：三维打印可实现精确、自动化的沉积，优于手工挤注，但面临通量和配方要求，可能使IDDSI依从性复杂化。模具成型易于获得，但脱模仍然具有挑战性，而有利于脱模的凝胶化配方可能超出IDDSI泥状食品的定义。剪切凝胶可能为连续凝胶基质提供替代方案，尽管其有意用于塑形仍未经过测试。虽然不是泥状食品，酶软化质地和过渡性质地可能产生内聚的质地改良状态，但需要口腔加工以形成食团。结论：总体而言，这些方法在实践优势和劣势方面各不相同，而吞咽安全性证据总体上仍然有限。这些结论为食品科学家、工程师和临床医生提供信息，需要他们的合作才能在可及的吞咽困难护理中实现工程化的视觉真实感。

英文摘要

While texture modification ensures safe swallowing in dysphagia, homogeneous purees often compromise visual appeal. Treating shaping as the core design objective, this review evaluates established methods for engineering visual realism in pureed foods against available evidence, while explicitly identifying areas where evidence does not yet exist. Direct shaping methods are evaluated across IDDSI (International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative) compliance, sensory acceptability, and practical implementation. Structural approaches that modify food structure rather than reshape purees are evaluated individually by mechanism and applicability due to limited evidence. Three-dimensional printing enables precise, automated deposition over manual piping, but faces throughput and formulation requirements that can complicate IDDSI compliance. Molding is accessible, but demolding remains challenging, and gelled formulations that facilitate demolding may fall outside IDDSI puree definitions. Shear gels may provide an alternative to continuous gelled matrices, although their deliberate use for shaping remains untested. Though not purees, enzymatically softened and transitional textures may yield cohesive, texture-modified states but require oral processing to form a bolus. Overall, these methods differed in their practical advantages and disadvantages, while swallowing-safety evidence remains generally limited. These conclusions inform food scientists, engineers and clinicians, whose collaboration is required to realize engineering visual realism within accessible dysphagia care.