下一代战斗机航空中的人体极限：心理生理应激源、战备状态、健康、表现与对抗措施。

文献信息

中文摘要

向第五代和第六代战斗机的过渡正在增加对军事空勤人员的心理生理需求。下一代喷气式战斗机作战结合了持续和重复的高G负荷；与不明原因生理事件相关的间歇性缺氧、高氧和低气压；长时间单座任务；先进的头盔显示器；声学和热应激；以及来自传感器融合、自动化和有人-无人协同的高认知负荷。这些暴露挑战自主神经调节、脑和呼吸生理、神经认知表现、感觉整合和中枢神经系统韧性。本叙述性综述综合了心血管-自主神经和血流动力学功能；机载制氧系统时代下的呼吸生理和不明原因生理事件；认知负荷、疲劳和飞行员经验；视觉-眼动、前庭、听觉、热和肌肉骨骼应激；神经紧张的生物标志物；以及空勤人员监测和对抗措施方面的证据。组织性概念是心理生理战备状态：在不产生不成比例生理代价或决策质量下降的情况下满足任务需求的综合能力。来自直接第五代研究、其他喷气式战斗机作战、模拟器和受控航空航天类似环境的证据显示，心率变异性、脑氧合和灌注、皮层活动、感觉功能和神经结构生物标志物发生可测量的变化，但直接第五代证据仍然有限，且反应高度个体化和情境依赖。当前的监测在很大程度上仍然是偶发性和领域孤立的。因此，我们提出一个分阶段监测框架，将经过验证的心血管-自主神经和血流动力学测量与神经认知、感觉、可穿戴设备和生物标志物数据相结合，同时将AI/ML视为需要前瞻性验证的实验性分析层。纵向、跨越职业生涯的监测最终可能支持更早识别脆弱性，并基于证据优化训练、恢复和对抗措施，同时保留人类航空医学监督。

英文摘要

The transition to fifth- and sixth-generation fighter aircraft is increasing the psychophysiological demands placed on military aircrew. Next-generation fast-jet operations combine sustained and repetitive high-G loading; intermittent hypoxia, hyperoxia, and hypobaria associated with unexplained physiological episodes; prolonged single-seat missions; advanced helmet-mounted displays; acoustic and thermal stress; and high cognitive load from sensor fusion, automation, and manned-unmanned teaming. These exposures challenge autonomic regulation, cerebral and respiratory physiology, neurocognitive performance, sensory integration, and central nervous system resilience. This narrative review synthesizes evidence across cardiovascular-autonomic and hemodynamic function; respiratory physiology and unexplained physiological episodes in the on-board oxygen generating system era; cognitive workload, fatigue, and pilot experience; visual-oculomotor, vestibular, auditory, thermal, and musculoskeletal stress; biological markers of neural strain; and aircrew surveillance and countermeasures. The organizing construct is psychophysiological readiness: the integrated capacity to meet mission demands without disproportionate physiological cost or degraded decision quality. Evidence from direct fifth-generation studies, other fast-jet operations, simulators, and controlled aerospace analogues shows measurable changes in heart rate variability, cerebral oxygenation and perfusion, cortical activity, sensory function, and neurostructural biomarkers, but direct fifth-generation evidence remains limited and responses are strongly individualized and context dependent. Current surveillance remains largely episodic and domain-siloed. We therefore propose a staged monitoring framework combining validated cardiovascular-autonomic and hemodynamic measures with neurocognitive, sensory, wearable, and biomarker data, while treating AI/ML as an experimental analytic layer requiring prospective validation. Longitudinal, career-spanning monitoring could ultimately support earlier identification of vulnerability and evidence-based optimization of training, recovery, and countermeasures while preserving human aeromedical oversight.