美容手术的预康复：基于证据的指南。

文献信息

中文摘要

背景： 尽管每年进行的美容整形手术数量不断增加，并且人们越来越重视通过手术预康复来改善术后结局，但目前尚无针对接受这些美容手术患者的标准化指南。本综述旨在确定美容手术预康复的主要组成部分，以降低围手术期并发症风险并促进顺利康复。
方法： 对常见美容手术主题进行了叙述性文献综述，包括医疗管理、营养与饮食、物质使用戒断、体重管理以及围绕美容手术的心理因素。对于已有强有力证据的特定手术，包括除皱术和鼻整形术，补充了额外信息。
结果： 已确定的危险因素如营养不良、糖尿病和烟草使用与不良手术结局之间存在密切联系，尽管这些主题缺乏美容手术特异性建议。对于寻求除皱术或鼻整形术的患者，应分别处理和管理高血压和阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停。心理问题在美容手术患者中普遍存在，应从初次咨询开始就予以考虑。新兴因素，如胰高血糖素样肽-1激动剂，已改变美容领域格局，应根据最新循证建议对患者进行使用咨询。
结论： 美容手术中的预康复应在手术规划早期解决已知危险因素，以防止不良结局，并应针对每位患者量身定制。本文概述了接受美容手术的患者可以采取的一些措施，以改善手术结局和康复。

英文摘要

BACKGROUND: Despite the growing number of aesthetic plastic surgery procedures performed annually and increasing emphasis placed on surgical prehabilitation to improve postoperative outcomes, there is not yet a standardized guide for patients undergoing these aesthetic procedures. The aim of this review is to identify the major components of prehabilitation for aesthetic surgery to decrease the risk of perioperative complications and facilitate a smooth recovery process.
METHODS: A narrative literature review was conducted for common aesthetic surgery topics, including medical management, nutrition and diet, substance use cessation, weight management, and psychological factors surrounding aesthetic surgery. Additional information was included for specific procedures with existing robust evidence, including rhytidectomy and rhinoplasty.
RESULTS: There are strong existing ties between established risk factors such as malnutrition, diabetes, and tobacco use with adverse surgical outcomes, though these topics lack aesthetic surgery-specific recommendations. Hypertension and obstructive sleep apnea should be addressed and managed for patients seeking rhytidectomy or rhinoplasty, respectively. Psychological concerns are pervasive among aesthetic surgery patients and should be kept in consideration beginning at the initial consultation. Emerging players, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 agonists, have shifted the aesthetic landscape, and patients should be counseled on their use with the latest evidence-based recommendations.
CONCLUSIONS: Prehabilitation in aesthetic surgery should address known risk factors early on in surgical planning to prevent poor outcomes and should be tailored to each patient. There are certain measures, outlined here, that patients undergoing aesthetic surgery can take to prepare themselves for improved surgical outcomes and recovery.