拉丁美洲和加勒比地区5-19岁学龄儿童和青少年的视力、听力和智力障碍

文献信息

中文摘要

背景： 儿童期感觉和智力障碍是学习和人力资本发展中重要但未被充分认识的障碍。本研究利用2023年全球疾病负担（GBD）数据，分析拉丁美洲和加勒比地区（LAC）25个国家1.493亿5-19岁儿童和青少年中这些疾病的患病率和严重程度。
方法： 我们提取了25个LAC国家视力损失、听力损失和智力障碍的GBD 2023估计值，按年龄、性别和严重程度分层。区域估计值采用人口加权平均值计算。将严重程度分布与经济合作与发展组织（OECD）国家进行比较，以了解区域模式。
结果： 估计这些疾病影响了9,282,921名儿童和青少年（6.22%；95%不确定性区间（UI）：5.89-6.54%）。听力损失占主导，估计影响542万（3.63%，3.41-3.86），其中87.6%为轻至中度。智力障碍估计影响256万（1.71%，1.58-1.85），其中61.7%为边缘至轻度。视力损失估计影响130万（0.87%，0.79-0.96），其中89%可通过眼镜有效解决。所有疾病的患病率均随年龄增长而增加。智力障碍中男性占优势一致（2.00% vs 1.42%）。年度经济成本总计193-290亿美元，而综合干预措施将需要94.5-142.3亿美元，效益成本比为2:1-15:1。
结论： 儿童和青少年分布在较轻程度的困难中，这凸显了教育和公共卫生系统提供及时和可及支持的机会。约88%的感觉障碍可通过现有技术解决，对包容性服务的投资可以产生强大的社会和经济回报。

英文摘要

BACKGROUND: Childhood sensory and intellectual disabilities represent significant yet under-recognized barriers to learning and human capital development. This study analyzes prevalence and severity of these conditions among 149.3 million children and adolescents aged 5-19 years across 25 countries in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) using Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2023 data.
METHODS: We extracted GBD 2023 estimates for vision loss, hearing loss, and intellectual disability across 25 LAC countries, stratified by age, sex, and severity. Regional estimates were calculated using population-weighted averages. Severity distributions were compared with Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries to contextualize regional patterns.
RESULTS: These conditions are estimated to have affected 9,282,921 children and adolescents (6.22%; 95% uncertainty interval (UI): 5.89-6.54%). Hearing loss was predominant, affecting an estimated 5.42 million (3.63%, 3.41-3.86), with 87.6% mild-to-moderate. Intellectual disability estimated to have affected 2.56 million (1.71%, 1.58-1.85), with 61.7% borderline-to-mild. Vision loss estimated to have affected 1.30 million (0.87%, 0.79-0.96), with 89% that can be effectively addressed with spectacles. Prevalence increased with age across all conditions. Male predominance was consistent for intellectual disability (2.00% vs 1.42%). Annual economic cost totaled US$19.3-29.0 billion, while comprehensive interventions would require US$9.45-14.23 billion with benefit-cost ratios of 2:1-15:1.
CONCLUSIONS: The distribution of children and adolescents across milder levels of difficulty underscores the opportunity for education and public health systems to provide timely and accessible support. With approximately 88% of sensory impairments addressable through established technologies, investments in inclusive services can yield strong social and economic returns.