一例荷斯坦奶牛由喙突离蠕孢引起的肉芽肿性鼻炎，以及对该暗色真菌及其历史同物异名在家养反刍动物中所致疾病的文献综述

文献信息

中文摘要

背景： 本文描述了一例奶牛由喙突离蠕孢（Exserohilum rostratum）引起的鼻炎，并综述了由离蠕孢属（Exserohilum spp.）以及在形态学上历史上被归类为长蠕孢属（Helminthosporium）、德氏霉属（Drechslera）或平脐蠕孢属（Bipolaris）的暗色真菌在家养反刍动物中所致疾病的文献。方法：2024年3月，乌拉圭一个奶牛群中的一头成年荷斯坦奶牛出现双侧鼻黏膜结节，导致呼吸困难、打鼾、鼻分泌物和体重减轻。结果：组织学检查发现严重的慢性嗜酸性肉芽肿性鼻炎，伴有巨细胞以及细胞内和细胞外真菌。通过PCR和延伸28S rDNA区域测序鉴定为喙突离蠕孢。我们的文献检索共发现约40例牛病例，分布于美国、澳大利亚、南非、纳米比亚和乌拉圭，1例巴西山羊病例，未发现绵羊病例。临床症状包括慢性呼吸困难、鼾声、黏液脓性鼻分泌物、鼻出血和体重减轻，通常影响成年肉牛。病变通常累及鼻黏膜和黏膜下层，很少累及皮肤或区域淋巴结，偶尔局限于皮肤。双侧、隆起、0.1-5 cm的肉芽肿性鼻结节导致气流受限。标志性显微镜病变为慢性嗜酸性肉芽肿性炎症，伴有巨细胞和病变内真菌结构，包括约5-30 µm、圆形至卵形的厚垣孢子以及短约2-6 µm宽的有隔菌丝，其壁可呈棕色色素沉着。结论：确诊真菌鉴定需要分子检测，而这一检测很少开展。

英文摘要

Here, we describe a case of Exserohilum rostratum rhinitis in a cow and review the literature on diseases caused by Exserohilum spp. and dematiaceous fungi historically classified morphologically as Helminthosporium, Drechslera, or Bipolaris in domestic ruminants. In March 2024, an adult Holstein cow from a dairy herd in Uruguay developed bilateral nodules in the nasal mucosa, resulting in dyspnea, snoring, nasal discharge, and weight loss. Histologically, severe chronic eosinophilic granulomatous rhinitis was found, with giant cells and intra- and extracellular fungi. Exserohilum rostratum was identified by PCR and sequencing of the extended 28S rDNA region. Our literature search retrieved ~40 bovine cases in the United States, Australia, South Africa, Namibia, and Uruguay, 1 caprine case in Brazil, and no ovine cases. Clinical signs included chronic dyspnea, stertor, mucopurulent nasal discharge, epistaxis, and weight loss, generally affecting adult beef cattle. The lesions usually affected the nasal mucosa and submucosa, rarely involved the skin or regional lymph nodes, and occasionally were restricted to the skin. Bilateral, raised, 0.1-5-cm granulomatous nasal nodules resulted in restriction of airflow. The hallmark microscopic lesion is chronic eosinophilic granulomatous inflammation with giant cells and intralesional fungal structures, including ~5-30-µm, round-to-ovoid chlamydospores and short ~2-6-µm-wide septate hyphae, which may have brown-pigmented walls. Definitive fungal identification requires molecular testing, which is rarely pursued.