超加性多维自我平衡缺陷：对飞行事故和跌倒的启示。

文献信息

中文摘要

我们报告了参与者在运动模拟器中使用操纵杆保持直立并避免坠毁时的超加性损伤，该模拟器被编程为像倒立摆一样绕两个轴（2D）相对于1D从直立平衡方向倾倒。2D测试配置为参与者提供了关于相对于重力的倾斜的完整前庭/躯体感觉线索。2D损伤a）相对于蒙眼条件仅被视觉轻微缓解，b）比0-g模拟条件下的1D下降更严重，该条件通过让参与者在水平滚转平面中平衡（他们始终与垂直方向成90度）排除了重力倾斜线索。通过在两个测试日中对直立2D平衡任务的练习，缺陷几乎下降到直立1D的熟练水平。将自我平衡从1D扩展到2D的过大效应以及令人惊讶的微不足道的视觉恢复，证明有必要重新考虑现行的伺服样模型和方法，以评估风险和防止飞机事故、跌倒以及其他涉及引导不稳定对象的任务中的生命损失。作为另一种解释，我们扩展了最初为1D平衡开发的串行运动决策模型。

英文摘要

We report super-additive impairment in participants using a joystick to stay upright and avoid crashing while riding in a motion simulator programmed to topple as an inverted pendulum away from an upright direction of balance about two axes (2D) relative to 1D. The 2D test configuration provided participants with full vestibular/somatosensory cues about tilt relative to gravity. The 2D impairment was a) only marginally mitigated by vision relative to blindfolded conditions, and b) worse than a 1D decrement in a 0-g analog condition which precluded gravitational tilt cues by having participants balance in the horizontal roll plane where they were always 90 degrees from the vertical. With practice in the upright 2D balance task over two test days, the deficit declined nearly to the upright 1D level of proficiency. The outsized effect of expanding self-balancing from 1D to 2D and the surprisingly insubstantial visual recovery justify reconsideration of prevailing servo-like models and methods for assessing risk and preventing loss of life from aircraft mishaps, falls, and other tasks involving guidance of an unstable plant. As an alternative explanation, we expand a serial motor decision-making model originally developed for 1D balancing.