理解安全关键环境中对非注意性耳聋的易感性。

文献信息

中文摘要

引言： 动态职业环境，如建筑工地，会给工人带来频繁的变化，其中一些变化构成严重风险。工人被期望利用感官线索来检测并应对这些变化，包括为吸引对危险状况的注意而特意设计的听觉警告。然而，这些线索常常与高认知负荷相竞争，这可能导致警告声被遗漏，这种现象被称为非注意性耳聋。本研究考察在模拟建筑任务中对非注意性耳聋的易感性。
方法： 从136名参与者中收集数据，包括72名个体和64名以32对形式工作的参与者。所有参与者在受控实验室环境中完成一项机械-电气装配任务，并伴有持续的施工噪声。任务前，参与者接受简短的工前式简报，指示他们在听到任何可能表明危险能量的声音时停止工作并移动到指定安全区。任务期间，参与者被随机分配听取气喇叭或嘶嘶声线索，并单独或协作工作。每位参与者（或每对）在随机间隔接受三次连续 burst 的指定线索，分别为81、83和85 dB。
结果： 总体检测率为62%，个体检测率为58%，而配对检测率为71%。声音类型是注意性的最强决定因素，因为气喇叭的检测率显著高于嘶嘶声线索。增加音量对检测有适度改善，配对协作也有益，尽管改善并未完全符合冗余的概率预期。疲劳、情绪状态和感知任务难度等人为因素并未显著预测检测。
结论与实际应用： 这些发现强调了高度可区分的听觉警告以及系统级设计的重要性，这些设计应考虑到安全关键工作环境中人类注意力的固有局限性。

英文摘要

INTRODUCTION: Dynamic occupational environments, such as construction sites, present workers with frequent changes, some of which pose serious risk. Workers are expected to detect and respond to these changes using sensory cues, including auditory warnings intentionally designed to draw attention to hazardous conditions. However, these cues often compete with high cognitive load, which can result in missed warning sounds, a phenomenon known as inattentional deafness. This study examines susceptibility to inattentional deafness during a simulated construction task.
METHOD: Data were collected from 136 participants, including 72 individuals and 64 participants who worked in 32 pairs. All participants completed a mechanical-electrical assembly in a controlled laboratory environment with continuous construction noise. Before the task, participants received a brief pre-job-style briefing instructing them to stop work and move to a designated safety zone upon hearing any sound that could indicate hazardous energy. During the task, participants were randomly assigned to hear either an Air Horn or a Hissing cue and to work individually or collaboratively. Each participant (or pair) received three successive bursts of the assigned cue at 81, 83, and 85 dB presented at random intervals.
RESULTS: Overall detection was 62%, with individuals detecting 58%, while pairs detected 71%. Sound type was the strongest determinant of noticeability, as the Air Horn was detected significantly more often than the Hissing cue. Increasing volume produced modest improvements in detection, and pair collaboration was beneficial, although the improvement did not fully align with probabilistic expectations of redundancy. Human factors such as fatigue, emotional state, and perceived task difficulty did not significantly predict detection.
CONCLUSIONS AND PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: These findings underscore the importance of highly distinguishable auditory warnings and system-level designs that account for the inherent limitations of human attention in safety-critical work environments.